La adolescencia, categoría reciente propia al mundo occidental, tiende a desolidarizarse de la pubertad como un evento fisiológico universal. No es tanto la desaparición de los ritos que está en juego sino mas bien, el abandono del vinculo de solidaridad entre el fenómeno de la pubertad y de la designación – pero también, el tratamiento – social de la adolescencia. A partir del ejemplo de prácticas de escarificaciones durante la adolescencia, quisiera proponer la hipótesis de una aumentación de actos-síntomas que se alimentan de esta separación y paradoxalmente tienden a la vez a reducirlas – es decir a re instalar un reconocimiento de identidad intimo y social de las formas de alteridad comenzadas por la pubertad – pero también – juntas rechazar esas mismas formas de alteridad.
Este articulo, discute la hipótesis según la cual, en nuestra sociedad contemporánea el complejo de Edipo se pone más complejo pero siempre existe, como un organizador central de la psiquis. Un debate entre los puntos de vista de la antropología – y en particular con Françoise Héritier y su teoría de « el incesto de segundo tipo » (entre una madre y una hija que tienen el mismo amante) – introduce a una re problematización de las nociones de homosexualidad primaria, de intersubjetividad y de tiercidad. La cuestión de la diferenciación puede ser pensada mejor en su vinculo a la subjetivación : ¿ Es que hay un riesgo de de diferenciación psicotisante en el incesto ?, ¿ Que pasan con los desórdenes psíquicos durante la adolescencia o los fenómenos de regresión hacia situaciones grupales donde prevalecen los funcionamientos limites ? Lo idéntico, de lo cual habla Françoise Héritier no corresponde termino por termino a la economía libidinal narcisista. Hay que relanzar el dialogo histórico entre psicoanálisis y antropología (A. Green y J. Lacan con C. Lévis-Strauss, y recientemente, los intercambios con M. Godelier y B. Juillerat) a partir de una reflexión sobre el devenir de la función paternal hoy en día – en el prolongamiento de la discusión critica de la teoría del incesto de segundo tipo, y de un ejemplo de sociedad tradicional sin padres y con neo-parentalidades contemporáneas. El triangulo edípico parece susceptible de tomar diversas formas.
Después de la apertura general del coloquio del 5 de octubre 2012 en el colegio de Francia, el autor propone el concepto de una situación antropológica fundamental durante la adolescencia. Dos formas procesuales de su creación : el pubertario y el infantil. Los procesos de adultez, son la repetición, la rememoración y la elaboración de la neurosis infantil. Desde un punto de vista antropológico, ellos representan el orden instituido. La situaciones examinada bajo el ángulo del encuentro crítico y tal vez constructivo e instituyente entre lo pubertario en camino a la sublimación y la adultez.
The author proposes that the term “ pre-puberty ” be replaced by that of “ Almost-pubertaire ”, referring to the work of both Gutton and Jankélévitch. Indeed this formulation seems more appropriate to bearing witness to the particular dynamic that is in play during this time of life. No longer really a child, not yet adolescent, the subject of this in-between is more than ever confronted with the question of being, whose fundamental expression remains the inability to know what is to come.
The article deals with the way in which the eruption of the species during puberty is echoed in the individual subjectivity of the adolescent. After observing the upheavals Freud caused in the Darwinian conception of species, we explore the dialectic between individual and species through the case of Victor, an adolescent in therapy. We analyze transgenerational and group bonds which, because of their collective character, may be considered as psychical equivalents of species for the individual. The flame of existence nonetheless is eternalized in the form of fantasies of transmission and of generation, when in addition to the difference of generations, the difference between the sexes and finiteness of the individuals can be accepted.
As a jurist, the author investigates the notion of parenting with regard to that of parenthood. The bond of parenthood, whether through blood or adoption, allows a person to be attached to his family, to be named with reference to this family, and to situate himself within it. It carries out the subject’s genealogical inscription. Parenting takes into account parental competence and tends to combine parenthood and parental authority. It cannot be analyzed as a component of a legal bond. But when jurists use this notion to satisfy the expectations of those who want to play a recognized role of father and mother with regard to the child, or to call into question defective parents, the concept of parenting leads to the weakening of parenthood. The jurist can only deplore this decline in rights.
It is standard to say that the psychical work an adolescent must accomplish is a work of separation, in particular with the objects of childhood. In fact it seems more accurate to speak of an adjustment of bonds between parents and adolescent. The former must be neither too lax (otherwise the adolescent may feel abandoned) nor too clinging (otherwise the individual may be kept from constructing a psychical space of his own). An institutional phase in which each, adolescent and parent, will be able to find his place can help in finding the right distance. Participation in a parents’ group at the time of an adolescent’s institutionalization allows for work on the adjustment of bonds.
Adolescence is a crisis of the bond which makes it necessary for the adolescent to elaborate new connections with his environment. When a consultation is sought for different disorders, these should be studied at the same time within the logic of meaning characteristic of the subject and within the logic of the functioning characteristic of a dysfunctional family. A clinical observation illustrates the different therapies that are used in several directions.
While powerful pressure groups are militating in favor of the legalization of cannabis, the debate among adults is skewed because its development is centered on the question : is cannabis neuro-toxic or not ? Now, today’s adolescents do not use cannabis so much to “ get high ” as to “ go to sleep ”, including during the day, at school or in the workplace. Most cannabis use is no longer recreational and is no longer associated with partying or with transgression. This new kind of use, whose effect is cannabis intoxication and whose goal is to make commonplace intoxication in the activities of daily life, is coming ineluctably closer to the other well known form of intoxication, alcoholic intoxication. This is a very good reason to worry about the present and future of these adolescents.
The very large number of adolescents who smoke cannabis in a festive – or recreational – way do not, of course, have an addictive relationship with “ joints ”. But it is interesting to note that the use of this product is never far from various aspects of the conflict that constitutes adolescent crisis : in addition to providing an alternative – or a complement – to alcohol-induced intoxication, it is a matter of modifying in a limited way what is thought and felt, so as to improve relations with other adolescents, familiarize oneself with desire and first sexual experiences, facilitate manifestations of humor and, sometimes, manage excessive sensitivity and disturbing sexual and aggressive fantasies. Psycho-educational interviews permit these adolescents to question more generally the malaise peculiar to their age, its relational consequences and the manner in which they try to remedy it. In this, the family may usefully be associated with the treatment.
Adolescence, septembre 2002, 20, 3, 581-590
Revue semestrielle de psychanalyse, psychopathologie et sciences humaines, indexée AERES au listing PsycINFO publiée avec le concours du Centre National du Livre et de l’Université de Paris Diderot Paris 7